概率机器学习越来越越来越多地向医学,经济,政治和超越的关键决策促进。我们需要证据支持所产生的决定是充分创建的。为了帮助发展对这些决定的信任,我们开发了一个分类划分的分类划分,在分析中的信任可以分解:(1)在现实世界目标的翻译中对特定培训数据的目标,(2)在训练数据上翻译培训数据到一个具体的数学问题,(3)在使用算法来解决所述的数学问题,(4)在使用特定代码实现的选择算法。我们详细介绍了每一步的信任如何失败,并用两种案例研究说明我们的分类法:分析小额信贷和经济学家预测2020年2020年总统选举的疗效分析。最后,我们描述了各种各样的方法,可用于增加我们分类的每一步的信任。我们的分类学突出了关于信任的现有研究工作倾向于集中注意力的步骤,以及建立信任的步骤尤其具有挑战性。
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This article presents a survey of literature in the area of Human-Robot Interaction (HRI), specifically on systems containing more than two agents (i.e., having multiple humans and/or multiple robots). We identify three core aspects of ``Multi-agent" HRI systems that are useful for understanding how these systems differ from dyadic systems and from one another. These are the Team structure, Interaction style among agents, and the system's Computational characteristics. Under these core aspects, we present five attributes of HRI systems, namely Team size, Team composition, Interaction model, Communication modalities, and Robot control. These attributes are used to characterize and distinguish one system from another. We populate resulting categories with examples from recent literature along with a brief discussion of their applications and analyze how these attributes differ from the case of dyadic human-robot systems. We summarize key observations from the current literature, and identify challenges and promising areas for future research in this domain. In order to realize the vision of robots being part of the society and interacting seamlessly with humans, there is a need to expand research on multi-human -- multi-robot systems. Not only do these systems require coordination among several agents, they also involve multi-agent and indirect interactions which are absent from dyadic HRI systems. Adding multiple agents in HRI systems requires advanced interaction schemes, behavior understanding and control methods to allow natural interactions among humans and robots. In addition, research on human behavioral understanding in mixed human-robot teams also requires more attention. This will help formulate and implement effective robot control policies in HRI systems with large numbers of heterogeneous robots and humans; a team composition reflecting many real-world scenarios.
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As Artificial and Robotic Systems are increasingly deployed and relied upon for real-world applications, it is important that they exhibit the ability to continually learn and adapt in dynamically-changing environments, becoming Lifelong Learning Machines. Continual/lifelong learning (LL) involves minimizing catastrophic forgetting of old tasks while maximizing a model's capability to learn new tasks. This paper addresses the challenging lifelong reinforcement learning (L2RL) setting. Pushing the state-of-the-art forward in L2RL and making L2RL useful for practical applications requires more than developing individual L2RL algorithms; it requires making progress at the systems-level, especially research into the non-trivial problem of how to integrate multiple L2RL algorithms into a common framework. In this paper, we introduce the Lifelong Reinforcement Learning Components Framework (L2RLCF), which standardizes L2RL systems and assimilates different continual learning components (each addressing different aspects of the lifelong learning problem) into a unified system. As an instantiation of L2RLCF, we develop a standard API allowing easy integration of novel lifelong learning components. We describe a case study that demonstrates how multiple independently-developed LL components can be integrated into a single realized system. We also introduce an evaluation environment in order to measure the effect of combining various system components. Our evaluation environment employs different LL scenarios (sequences of tasks) consisting of Starcraft-2 minigames and allows for the fair, comprehensive, and quantitative comparison of different combinations of components within a challenging common evaluation environment.
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Large language models (LLMs) have been shown to be able to perform new tasks based on a few demonstrations or natural language instructions. While these capabilities have led to widespread adoption, most LLMs are developed by resource-rich organizations and are frequently kept from the public. As a step towards democratizing this powerful technology, we present BLOOM, a 176B-parameter open-access language model designed and built thanks to a collaboration of hundreds of researchers. BLOOM is a decoder-only Transformer language model that was trained on the ROOTS corpus, a dataset comprising hundreds of sources in 46 natural and 13 programming languages (59 in total). We find that BLOOM achieves competitive performance on a wide variety of benchmarks, with stronger results after undergoing multitask prompted finetuning. To facilitate future research and applications using LLMs, we publicly release our models and code under the Responsible AI License.
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通用数据模型解决了标准化电子健康记录(EHR)数据的许多挑战,但无法将其集成深度表型所需的资源。开放的生物学和生物医学本体论(OBO)铸造本体论提供了可用于生物学知识的语义计算表示,并能够整合多种生物医学数据。但是,将EHR数据映射到OBO Foundry本体论需要大量的手动策展和域专业知识。我们介绍了一个框架,用于将观察性医学成果合作伙伴关系(OMOP)标准词汇介绍给OBO铸造本体。使用此框架,我们制作了92,367条条件,8,615种药物成分和10,673个测量结果的映射。域专家验证了映射准确性,并且在24家医院进行检查时,映射覆盖了99%的条件和药物成分和68%的测量结果。最后,我们证明OMOP2OBO映射可以帮助系统地识别可能受益于基因检测的未诊断罕见病患者。
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在本文中,我们考虑了在具有多个自动机器人的系统中分配人类操作员协助的问题。每个机器人都需要完成独立任务,每个任务定义为一系列任务。在执行任务时,机器人可以自主操作,也可以由人类操作员远程执行,以更快地完成任务。我们表明,创建详细时间表的问题使系统的制造量最小化是NP-HARD。我们将问题提出为混合整数线性程序,可用于最佳地解决小到中等大小的问题实例。我们还开发了一种随时随地的算法,该算法利用问题结构来提供对操作员调度问题的快速和高质量解决方案,即使对于更大的问题实例也是如此。我们的关键见解是在贪婪创建的时间表中识别阻止任务,并迭代地删除这些块以提高解决方案的质量。通过数值模拟,我们证明了所提出的算法的好处是一种高于其他贪婪方法的有效且可扩展的方法。
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牙齿疾病是最常见的慢性疾病之一,尽管可以预防。但是,关于最佳口腔卫生实践的专业建议通常被患者遗忘或放弃。因此,患者可能会受益于及时和个性化的鼓励来进行口腔自我保健行为。在本文中,我们开发了一种在线增强学习(RL)算法,用于优化基于移动的提示以鼓励口腔卫生行为的交付。开发这种算法的主要挑战之一是确保算法考虑当前行动对未来行动有效性(即延迟效应)的影响,尤其是当使算法变得稳定,自动运行时,尤其是当该算法变得简单时在受约束的现实世界中(即高度嘈杂,稀疏的数据)中。我们通过设计质量奖励来应对这一挑战,从而最大程度地提高所需的健康结果(即高质量的刷牙),同时最大程度地减少用户负担。我们还强调了一个程序,可以通过构建模拟环境测试床并使用测试床评估候选人来优化奖励的超参数。本文讨论的RL算法将用于Oralytics,这是一种口头自我护理应用程序,提供行为策略,以促进患者参与口腔卫生实践。
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在双胞胎输血综合征(TTTS)中,单座管胎盘中的异常血管吻合可能会在两个胎儿之间产生不均匀的流量。在当前的实践中,通过使用激光消融闭合异常吻合来对TTT进行手术治疗。该手术在最小的侵入性中依赖于胎儿镜检查。有限的视野使吻合术识别成为外科医生的具有挑战性的任务。为了应对这一挑战,我们提出了一个基于学习的框架,用于视野扩展的体内胎儿镜框架注册。该框架的新颖性依赖于基于学习的关键点提案网络以及基于胎儿镜图像细分和(ii)不一致的同符的编码策略(i)无关的关键点。我们在来自6个不同女性的6个TTT手术的6个术中序列的数据集中验证了我们的框架,这是根据最新的最新算法状态,该算法依赖于胎盘血管的分割。与艺术的状态相比,提出的框架的性能更高,为稳健的马赛克在TTTS手术期间提供背景意识铺平了道路。
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超声检查的胎儿生长评估是基于一些生物特征测量,这些测量是手动进行并相对于预期的妊娠年龄进行的。可靠的生物特征估计取决于标准超声平面中地标的精确检测。手动注释可能是耗时的和依赖操作员的任务,并且可能导致高测量可变性。现有的自动胎儿生物特征法的方法依赖于初始自动胎儿结构分割,然后是几何标记检测。但是,分割注释是耗时的,可能是不准确的,具有里程碑意义的检测需要开发特定于测量的几何方法。本文描述了Biometrynet,这是一个克服这些局限性的胎儿生物特征估计的端到端地标回归框架。它包括一种新型的动态定向测定(DOD)方法,用于在网络训练过程中执行测量特定方向的一致性。 DOD可降低网络训练中的变异性,提高标志性的定位精度,从而产生准确且健壮的生物特征测量。为了验证我们的方法,我们组装了一个来自1,829名受试者的3,398张超声图像的数据集,这些受试者在三个具有七个不同超声设备的临床部位收购。在两个独立数据集上的三个不同生物识别测量值的比较和交叉验证表明,生物元网络是稳健的,并且产生准确的测量结果,其误差低于临床上允许的误差,优于其他现有的自动化生物测定估计方法。代码可从https://github.com/netanellavisdris/fetalbiometry获得。
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胎儿镜检查激光​​光凝是一种广泛采用的方法,用于治疗双胞胎输血综合征(TTTS)。该过程涉及光凝病理吻合术以调节双胞胎之间的血液交换。由于观点有限,胎儿镜的可操作性差,可见性差和照明的可变性,因此该程序尤其具有挑战性。这些挑战可能导致手术时间增加和消融不完全。计算机辅助干预措施(CAI)可以通过识别场景中的关键结构并通过视频马赛克来扩展胎儿镜观景领域,从而为外科医生提供决策支持和背景意识。由于缺乏设计,开发和测试CAI算法的高质量数据,该领域的研究受到了阻碍。通过作为MICCAI2021内窥镜视觉挑战组织的胎儿镜胎盘胎盘分割和注册(FETREG2021)挑战,我们发布了第一个Largescale Multencentre TTTS数据集,用于开发广义和可靠的语义分割和视频摩擦质量algorithms。对于这一挑战,我们发布了一个2060张图像的数据集,该数据集是从18个体内TTTS胎儿镜检查程序和18个简短视频剪辑的船只,工具,胎儿和背景类别的像素通道。七个团队参与了这一挑战,他们的模型性能在一个看不见的测试数据集中评估了658个从6个胎儿镜程序和6个短剪辑的图像的图像。这项挑战为创建通用解决方案提供了用于胎儿镜面场景的理解和摩西式解决方案的机会。在本文中,我们介绍了FETREG2021挑战的发现,以及报告TTTS胎儿镜检查中CAI的详细文献综述。通过这一挑战,它的分析和多中心胎儿镜数据的发布,我们为该领域的未来研究提供了基准。
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